Development of Information Technology II

Finally, I can finish this article, after all this time I tried to write, write, and write a decent article in the post. Okay, enough of this story is not important, let's start it.

In the Government Sector (e-government).

E-government refers to the use of information technology by government, such as using the intranet and the Internet, which has the ability to connect the purposes of residents, businesses, and other activities. Can be a business transaction process between the public and government through automation and networking systems, more commonly known as the world wide web. At its core e-government is the use of information technology to improve relations between the government and other parties. the use of information technology is then produced new forms of relationships such as: G2C (Governmet to Citizen), G2B (Government to Business) and G2G (Government to Government).

Benefits of e-government can be perceived among others: (1) service better service to the community. Information can be provided 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, without waiting for the opening of the office. Information can be sought from the office, home, without having to physically come to the office of government. (2) Improving the relationship between government, business, and the general public. The openness (transparency), the expected relationship between the various parties would be better. This openness eliminates mutual suspicion and resentment from all sides. (3) community empowerment through information that is easy to obtain. Given sufficient information, the public will learn to be able to determine his choice. For example, data about the school: the number of classes, student capacity, passing grade, and so forth, can be displayed online and used by parents to choose the right school for their children. (4) Implementation of a more efficient government.

Finance and Banking

When this has been a lot of economic actors, especially in big cities that no longer use cash in payment transactions, but has used modern banking services.
Modern banking services that exist only in big cities is understandable because the current economic growth is still concentrated in large cities only, which causes the velocity of money is also concentrated in big cities. So the banking sector was rather slow in its expansion into the regions. This is somewhat due to the current condition of infrastructure in addition to geographical aspects of Indonesia's unique and spacious.
To support the successful operation of a financial institution / banking like a bank, it is definitely needed a reliable information system that can be easily accessed by customers, which in turn will depend on information technology online, for example, a customer can withdraw money wherever he is as long as There is no service from the bank ATM, or a customer can check balances and transfer money to another account in a matter of minutes, all transactions can be done.

 The development of telematics technology and infrastructure in Indonesia will greatly assist industry development in the financial sector, such as expanding the scope of business by opening branches in the region, as well as information exchange among insurance companies, brokers, the banking industry, as well as other financing institutions.

Banking and financial institutions have been influenced strongly by the development of products in information technology, even they can not operate again without information technology. This sector requires the development of products in information technology to provide their services to their customers.

The development of information technology is strongly influenced by human resource capacity in understanding the information technology components, such as hardware and computer software; network system either LAN or WAN and telecommunication systems that will be used to transfer data. The need for information technology-based energy continues to rise.

Development of Information Technology

The development of information technology to improve performance and enable a variety of activities can be performed quickly, precisely and accurately, so that ultimately will improve productivity. Development of information technology show emergence of various types of activities based on this technology, such as e-government, e-commerce, e-education, e-medicine, e-laboratory, and others, all of which were based electronics.

Preliminary

Information Technology is a technology used to process the data, including the process, obtain, compile, store, manipulate data in various ways to produce high quality information, information that is relevant, accurate and timely, which is used for personal, business and government and is a strategic information for decision making. This technology uses a computer to process the data, the network system to connect one computer to another computer as needed, and telecommunications technology used for data and is accessible globally.

The role that can be given by the application of information technology is getting information to personal life such as information about health, hobbies, recreation, and spiritual. Then for professions such as science, technology, trade, business news, and professional associations. Means of cooperation between individuals or groups that one with another person or group without knowing the limits of distance and time, country, race, economic class, ideology or other factors that may inhibit exchange ideas.

Development of Information Technology spur a new way of life, from beginning to end of life, life is known as e-life, meaning life has been influenced by a variety of needs electronically. And now it is overflowing with a variety of letters that begin with the prefix e such as e-commerce, e-government, e-education, e-libraries, e-journal, e-medicine, e-laboratory, e-biodiversitiy, and still others are based electronics.

Evolution of the Global Economy

Until two hundred years ago the world economy is agrarian in which one of its main characteristics is the land is the most dominant factor of production. After the industrial revolution, with the invention of the steam engine, the global economy evolves toward industrial economy with its main characteristic is the capital as the most important factor of production. By the turn of the century now INL, humans tend to occupy a central place in the production process, because of the economic phase we are entering is based on knowledge (knowledge based) and focuses on information (information focused). In this case the role of telecommunications and informatics as a key technology (technology enabler.)

The progress of information technology and telecommunications so rapidly, allowing the implementation of new ways for more efficient production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. It is this process that brings people into the Society or Information Economy. This new society is also often referred to as post-industrial society.
Whatever its name, in the information age, physical distance or geographical distance is no longer a factor in human relations or inter-agency effort, so that the universe into a hamlet of the universe or the "Global village ‿. So often we hear the term "distance is dead" or "distance is dead" increasingly evident truth.

Role of Information Technology

In our lives in the future, information technology and telecommunications sector is the most dominant sector. Anyone who mastered this technology, then he will become a leader in the world. Information technology plays a role in many fields, among others:

1. Education (e-education).

Globalization has sparked a trend shift in education from the conventional face to face education toward a more open education (Mukhopadhyay M., 1995). As an example we saw in the French project "Flexible Learning ‿. This is reminiscent of Ivan Illich forecast early 70s about the "Education without schools (Deschooling Socieiy)" which in extreme teacher is no longer needed.
Bishop G. (1989) predicted that the future of education will be flexible (flexible), open, and can be accessed by anyone who needs without the view factor type, age, or previous educational experience.
R. Mason (1994) argues that the future of education will be determined by the network information that enables interaction and collaboration, rather than building schools. However, technology will continue to widen the gap between the rich and the poor.
Tony Bates (1995) states that technology can improve the quality and coverage when used wisely for the education and training, and has a meaning that is essential for economic prosperity.
Alisjahbana I. (1966) suggested that the approach to education and training will be "At that moment (Just on Time) ‿. New teaching techniques will be two way, collaborative, and inter-disciplinary.
Romiszowski & Mason (1996) predicts the use of "Computer-based Multimedia Communication (CMC) ‿ that are synchronous and asynchronous.
From the forecasts and views of scholars can be concluded that with the influence of globalization, the future of education will be more open and two-way, diverse, multidisciplinary, and related to the productivity of work "on the spot ‿ and competitive.With the development of information technology in education, so when it is already possible to place a distance learning using the internet to link between students and professor, saw the value of an online student, financial checks, view class schedules, send the tasks assigned faculty and so on, all it has to be done.

A major factor in distance learning that have been considered a problem is the lack of interaction between lecturers and students. However, with the internet media is very possible to make interaction between faculty and students both in the form of real time (real time) or not. In the form of real time can be done for example in a chatroom, a direct interaction with real audio or real video, and online meetings. That is not real time can be done with mailing lists, discussion groups, newsgroups, and bulletin board. With the above interaction of faculty and students in the class may be replaced even if not 100%. The forms of material, exams, quizzes and other educational ways can also be implemented into the web, such as teacher materials made in the form of presentations on the web and can be downloaded by students. Similarly, with exams and quizzes are created by faculty can also be done in the same way. Settlement administration can also be solved directly in a single registration process, more so in support with the online payment method.

A web-based distance education, among others, should have the following elements: (1) Center for student activities; as a web-based distance learning community must be able to make this facility as a place of student activity, where students can add the ability, reading course material, find information and so forth. (2) Interaction within the group; The students can interact with one another to discuss the materials provided by lecturers. Lecturers may be present in this group to give a little review of the material that gives. (3) student administration system, where the students can see information about student status, student achievement and so forth. (4) Deepening materials and examinations; Usually quis faculty often conduct brief and tasks aimed at deepening of what has been taught and do a test at the end of the study. It also can be anticipated by the web-based distance learning (5) digital library; In this section, there are a variety of information literature, not limited to books but also on digital libraries such as sound, images and so forth. This section is for support and shape of the database. (6) online material outside the course material; To support the lectures, required reading material also from other web. Hence in this section, lecturers and students to directly engage to provide other materials for publicizing to other students via the web.
To realize the above ideas and desires in a form of reality is not an easy job but if we look to other countries which have long developed a web-based distance learning, have a lot of institutions or agencies that use this method. Not only the skills possessed by the engineer who needed but also the various policies in education influenced its development. When viewed from the readiness of supporting facilities such as hardware, I suppose that this is no doubt. Only one who has always been a major concern of Internet users in Indonesia is the bandwidth problem, of course with limited bandwidth this is the comfort, especially on non-text based material.

In the global era, offering scholarships appeared on the internet. For most students in the world, the tuition fee to obtain the best education is generally still considered expensive. Very unfortunate if there is a clever student in his class can not continue school because not afford the tuition. Scholarship information is the key to success can no long these potential students.

Until this article first, maybe next week we'll dial again. If you want to continue reading this article still continues to follow developments in bremavillages.blogspot.com ... okay ^ _ ^

Devices in ICT

Input Device

Input Device inputs or equipment that is pealatan that serves to enter data or program and send the data or the program in the form of digital data to be processed by the processing center on the computer. Some commonly used input devices include:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Flopydisk Drive
• Scanners
• CD ROM / CDRW
• DVD ROM / DVD RW

Keyboard

The keyboard is a device that has buttons similar to a typewriter and a few additional buttons with various functions.
The keyboard used to enter data or to give commands to the computer.
The types of keyboards are: Serial, PS / 2 and USB
Some brands of keyboards in the market including: Logitech, Accer, etc..

Mouse

Mouse is an input device which functions to move the pointer on the screen to run a command or program icon that appears on the monitor screen
Type Mouse, among others, namely: Serial, PS / 2 and USB
Some brands of mouse in the market including: Logitech, Genius, etc..
Parts of the Mouse
Standard mouse pointer shape is as follows ()
Terms in the mouse:
• Click the mouse: Pressing the left mouse button 1 times
• Double Click: Pressing the left mouse button 2 times quickly
• Drag and Drop: Pressing the left mouse button while on hold and moved it to the desired limit and then release the button again

• Right Click: Pressing the right mouse button 1 times
Scroll lock: Scrolling screen upwards or downwards

Floppy Disk Drive

Is an input device which functions to read data or program from flopy disk data storage media (diskettes). This tool can also serve to write or record data into a diskette. Some brands flopy Disk Drive in the market including: Panasonic, Sony, Samsung etc..
Scaner
Equipment input serves to transfer or convert images, photos, text manually into digital data that can be understood by computers.
Some brands of scanners on the market include: Canon, HP, etc. Accer.
Optical Devices

CD ROM

Equipment input functions to read data or program from the CD data storage media (Compac Disc)

CD RW

Besides functioning to read data or program from the CD data storage media (Compac Disc) can also write and record data on CD CD ROM / CD RW has a different speed, among others: 40 X, 52 X, ff. Some brands include: Samsung, LG etc.

DVD ROM

Equipment input functions to read data or program from a data storage media either CD or DVD

DVD RW

Besides functioning to read data or program from a data storage media CD / DVD can also write and record data on CD / DVDs DVD ROM / DVD RW has a different kecepan include: 40 X, 52 X, ff. Some Brands: Samsung, LG, Philip, etc.

Process Equipment

Process Equipment is a CPU (Central Processing Unit) which is the main and most important unit processes in the computer that controls the entire process from data processing equipment to read data from input, process or process until the release of information (output) to the output equipment. CPU consists of three functional sections:
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) function does all processes that require mathematical calculations and logical comparisons
2. CU (Control Unit) functions to control all other equipment.
3. Function registers store data to be processed in the ALU.
Some existing equipment within the CPU include:
• Mainboard
• Processor

Memory

Mainboard

Mainboard is one of the devices in a computer that is used as a place to install or put some other equipment such as: processor, memory, data cables (interface) hard disk, flopy disks, Card (card) crate: VGA Cards, NICs (network cards) and so forth.
Mainboard types include: Starting from the class of AT 486, Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III to Pentium 4 class.
Some brands such Mainboard: ECS, ASUS, U.S. Rack, etc.

Processor

Processor is a processor chip which is the brain and central control various other devices so that the computer can work with each other. Processor size is MHz (Mega Hertz) that is a matter of speed in processing data / information
Some types of processors:
• Processor Pentum I 75 MHz - 200 MHz etc ...
• Pentium II 300 MHz - 450 MHz, etc. ..
• Pentium III 650 MHz - 950 MHz and so on.
• Pentium 4 Processor GMHz 1.3 - 3.0 GHz ff.
Brand processor include: INTEL, AMD. IBM etc.
Memory
Memory is where store data or instructions. The larger memory capacities in providing the greater the data or instructions that can be accommodated to be processed.
Some Types of Memory include: ROM, RAM, EDORAM, SDRAM, DDRAM, RDRAM, etc.
Commonly used memory capacity ranging from: 16 MB 32 MB, 54 MB, 256 MB 512 MB, 1 GB, etc.
Brand-brand memory on the market: Genes V, Visipro, Kingston etc.

Simak

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The Development of Windows and Microsoft

For those of you who are currently reading this paper would be familiar with the name Windows. Yes, windows is the operating system made by Microsoft that was founded by Bill Gates.

Like the saying goes not know it was love, so it's good to know colleagues trace the history and development of the operating system of bill gates homemade om this.
Windows 1.0
The first version of Microsoft Windows, called Windows 1.0, released on November 20, 1985. This version has many shortcomings in some of the functionality, making it less popular in the market.

Windows 2.x
Windows version 2 came out on December 9, 1987, and became slightly more popular than its predecessor. Most gained popularity because of its proximity to graphical applications made by Microsoft, Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Word for Windows. Microsoft Windows eventually obtained a significant improvement when Aldus PageMaker appeared in versions for Windows, which previously could only walk on the Macintosh. Some experts noted this computer historians as the emergence of an application that behavior is significantly other than Microsoft's initial success as Microsoft Windows.
Windows version 2.0x using real-mode memory model, which is only able to access up to 1 megabyte of memory. In such configurations, Windows can run any other multitasking application, such DESQview, which runs in protected mode offered by the Intel 80286.

Windows 3.0
Microsoft Windows eventually achieve significant success when stepping on version 3.0, released in 1990. In addition to offering increased capabilities to Windows applications, Windows 3.0 is also able to allow users to run several MS-DOS applications simultaneously (multitasking), because this version has been introduced virtual memory.
This version is precisely what makes the IBM PC and kompatibelnya serious challenger to the Apple Macintosh. This is due to the increased graphics processing performance at that time (with the graphics card Video Graphics Array (VGA)), and also protected mode / 386 Enhanced mode that allows Windows applications to use more memory with an easier way than what offered by MS-DOS.
Windows 3.0 can run in three modes, namely the real-mode, standard mode, and 386 Enhanced mode, and is compatible with the Intel family of processors from Intel 8086/8088, 80286, up to 80 386. Windows 3.0 will try to detect which mode to use, although users can force Windows to work in a particular mode only by using certain switches when running it
• win / r: force Windows to run in real mode
• win / s: forcing Windows to run in standard mode
• win / 3: The force Windows to run in 386 Enhanced mode.
Version 3.0 is also the first version of Windows that runs in protected mode, although the 386 enhanced mode kernel was an enhanced version of the kernel from the kernel in protected mode Windows/386.
Because of the backwards compatibility feature, Windows 3.0 applications must be compiled using 16-bit environment, so that did not use the Intel 80386 microprocessor capability, which is actually a 32-bit processors.
Windows 3.0 is also present in the version of "multimedia", referred to as Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0, which was released several months later. This version is bundled with the existence of "multimedia upgrade kits," which consists of a CD-ROM drive and a sound card, like Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro. This version is the pioneer of all the multimedia features included in later versions of Windows, like Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups, and become part of the Microsoft Multimedia PC specification.
The features mentioned above and support the application software market growing 3.0 makes Windows extremely successful in the market. Noted, within two years prior to the release version of Windows 3.1, Windows 3.0 sold 10 million copies. Finally, Windows 3.0 was a major source of revenue to Microsoft, and Microsoft did make some revisions to the original plan.

stem), and in theory prevents the application to the memory space owned by other Win32 applications with

Windows 95

Windows is superior in user interface and multitasking. Windows 95 is the windows that are considered revolutionary and bring a new era of computing. Released August 24, 1995.

Microsoft has two advantages of this release: 1) it is impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a DOS operating system not made by Microsoft which is much cheaper, 2) although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system, even versions of the plug a version of DOS to be loaded as part of the boot process, Windows 95 runs on its own in the 386 Enhanced mode, using virtual memory and memory addressing model flat 32-bit. Features that make Win32 applications for maximum virtual RAM as much as 2 gigabytes (with 2 gigabytes of the rest are reserved for the operating sy

out the approval of the operating system. In this case, the functionality of Windows 95 approaching what is owned by Windows NT, although Windows 95/98/Me do not support more than 512 megabytes without editing the system configuration hassle.

Before you replace it with a new Windows version, Microsoft released Windows 95 in five different versions, namely as follows:
• Windows 95 - the actual release of Windows 95
• Windows 95 A - includes an update of Windows 95 Original Service Release 1 (OSR1) are inserted directly on the installation.
• Windows 95 B - includes several other major updates, like the FAT32 file system, and Internet Explorer 3.0. This version also known as Windows 95 OSR2, or many people in Indonesia call it Windows 97.
• Windows 95 B USB - Windows 95 or Windows 95 OSR2.1 is the version that offers support for bus-based hardware Universal Serial Bus / USB.
• Windows 95 C - or Windows 95 OSR2.5 includes all the features above, plus Internet Explorer 4.0. This version is the most recently released version of Windows 95 series.
Windows 95 OSR2, OSR2.1 and OSR2.5 not released to the public, but only to OEMs who want to use the operating system into the computer makes. Some companies even

sell OEM new hard disk with operating system Windows 95 OSR2 on it. Besides the features contained in Windows 95, Microsoft also introduced Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 that includes several additional features that are not owned by Windows 95.

Windows 98

Released on June 25, 1998, the first Windows 98 was a very bad windows. Slow, frequent crashes and other problems. Changes in the kernel and overall system overhaul to make its sales increased due to fast, and no longer crashes (even the most stable windows ever) with his release of Windows 98 in 1999
Windows ME
Filling the gap between the release of Windows 98 and XP, in lahirkanlah windows ME. The concept of a new concept introduced with Windows ME. 1 in the then popular concept in one day there was a "plug and play". Unfortunately the GUI is bad and too geeky to make him unpopular.
Windows Me is the last operating system based on monolithic kernel of Windows 9x and MS-DOS. This version became the final version of the Windows operating system that does not have a Windows Product Activation (WPA).

Windows 2000
Microsoft released Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000, an earlier version known as Windows NT 5.0 or NT 5.0. " Version of Windows 2000 is aimed at two market share, the market share of workstation and server market share as well.
Among the features of the most significant Windows 2000 is Active Directory, an alternate network model domain NT network model, which uses technology that is the industry standard, such as Domain Name System (DNS), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and Kerberos to link between a machine to another. Windows Terminal Services as well, which in Windows NT 4.0 is only contained in one product, the Windows 2000 contained in all versions of the server. New features are adopted from the Windows 98 also instilled in them, such as an improved Device Manager (using the Microsoft Management Console), Windows Media Player, and DirectX 6.1 (which allows the kernel-based operating system Windows NT to run the game). Windows 2000 also is a version of Windows NT-based kernel is the last that does not require users to do the activation to it.
Although Windows 2000 can update the previous computer running Windows 98, Windows 2000 is not considered as products suitable for home users. The reason many, among them the lack of device drivers for many devices such as scanner users (scanner) and also the printer (printer), at the time of release. The situation was finally turned on when Windows XP was released by Microsoft.

Windows 2000 is available in six editions, namely:
• Windows 2000 Professional
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server Limited Edition
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition

Windows XP
October 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, Windows version most widely in use around the world until now, a lot of praise throughout the news. Review A good score makes Windows XP dominate the PC market today. Windows XP was first to break the sale of windows into Home and Professional. Only distinguish a few features that may not be used by home users rather than professional users.
Windows XP is a version of the Windows operating system the longest (at least until recently), because it ranges from 2001 to 2007, when Windows Vista was released to consumers. Ranks of the Windows XP operating system finally passed by Windows Vista on January 30, 2007.
Windows XP is available in several versions:
• Windows XP Home Edition, intended for home desktop and laptop market.
• Windows XP Home Edition N, the same as a regular Home Edition, but do not have Windows Media Player, because the rules did not allow the European Union.
• Windows XP Professional, which is aimed at power users and businesspeople.
• Windows XP Professional N, the same as the Professional Edition, but do not have Windows Media Player, because the EU regulations do not allow it.
• Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE), released in November 2002, Windows XP Home Edition is aimed at desktop and laptop computers with an emphasis on home entertainment.
o Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003
o Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
o Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005, which was released on October 12, 2004.
• Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, which is aimed at Tablet PCs (PCs with touch screen)
o Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
• Windows XP Embedded, which is intended for embedded systems (embedded systems)
• Windows XP Starter Edition, aimed at computer users in developing countries.
• Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, released on 25 April 2005 for home-based systems and workstations that use 64-bit processor-based x86-64 instruction set (AMD64 or Intel EM64T).
• Windows XP 64-bit Edition, is a version of Windows XP are intended for Intel's Itanium line of processors, which maintain compatibility with 32-bit applications using the emulator software. This version is the same as Windows XP Professional, in terms of its features. This product was discontinued in September 2005 when the last vendor Itanium processor-based workstation to stop its products as "workstations", because they tend to focus on Itanium as a computer database server.
o Windows XP 64-bit Edition, 2003, was based on the code base of Windows NT 5.2 (same as Windows Server 2003).

Windows Vista
Vista brought a big change in the kernel, GUI and set of additional features that promise. Unfortunately despite already having the addition of features and user interface, Vista is not successful in the market because it has some flaw that is very disturbing, especially for critics. Vista too slow and not much better than Windows XP in use daily.
Windows Vista Aero graphical interface displays her alluring, the Welcome screen and Start menu.
Windows Vista uses the version number 6.0, so that there was indeed a significant difference when compared to the version with Windows XP that use version 5.1 or Windows Server 2003 (5.2). Because, it's Windows Vista has many fundamental differences, particularly at the basic architecture of the operating system.
Windows Vista sold in several editions:
• Windows Vista Starter
• Windows Vista Home Basic
• Windows Vista Home Premium
• Windows Vista Business
• Windows Vista Enterprise
• Windows Vista Ultimate

Windows 7
The next release after Windows Vista was known as Windows 7, formerly known as Blackcomb and Vienna. It has a kennel Windows NT version 6.2 SP2 of Windows Server 2008. Windows 7 has a security and new features. Windows 7 is the type of Windows Server 2008 SP2. Windows was released on October 22, 2009. Existing features in Windows 7 60% the same with Windows Vista. Some of its features are: Jump Lists, Taskbar is open the program with a small display, Windows Media Player 12, Internet Explorer 8, and others. Several unique features is the Sidebar which changed its name into the free Gadget Gadget and put it everywhere (not like the Sidebar which can only be placed in certain places). That feature makes Windows 7 to be attractive. Spektifikasi Windows 7 is lighter than on Windows Vista. The price is also cheaper than in Windows Vista.
History of Microsoft operating systems
The movement of the MS-DOS version
• MS-DOS and PC-DOS
• Windows 95 (MS-DOS 7.0)
• Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2.x, Windows 98 (MS-DOS 7.1)
• Windows Millennium Edition (MS-DOS 8.0)
Movement of the Windows version of home-based classes
• Windows 1.0
• Windows 2.0
• Windows 2.1 (aka Windows/286 and Windows/386)
• Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.1 for Workgroups, Windows 3.11, Windows 3.11 for Workgroups (WfW)
• Windows 95 (Windows 4.0)
• Windows 98 (Windows 4.1)
• Windows Millennium Edition (Windows 4.9)
Movements version of Microsoft / IBM OS / 2
• OS / 2 1.0
• OS / 2 1.1
• OS / 2 02.01
• OS / 2 1.3
Movement-based version of Microsoft Windows NT
• Windows NT 3.1, 3.5
• Windows NT 4.0
• Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0)
• Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1)
• Windows Server 2003, Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003 (Windows NT 5.2)
• Windows XP Professional x64 Edition (Windows NT 5.2)
• Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (Windows NT 5.1)
• Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0)

Technology Information

Information Technology is a technology used to process the data, including the process, obtain, compile, store, manipulate data in various ways to produce high quality information, information that is relevant, accurate and timely, which is used for personal, business and government and is a strategic information for decision making. This technology uses a computer to process the data, the network system to connect one computer to another computer as needed, and telecommunications technology used for data and is accessible globally.

One special feature of the field of Information Technology is the focus of attention is the field of science that are more applicable. More information technology disciplines lead to the data and information management in an enterprise (company or other employee organizations), with the use of computer technology and data communications and more emphasis on the utilization of technical tools available to improve productivity. In its development in line with the new economic paradigm, the information technology becomes a powerful weapon in improving communication and interaction with stake holdernya enterprise.

In the history of the development of education, information technology is part of the medium used to convey the message of science on the crowds, ranging from printing technology a few centuries ago, such as a printed book, through media such as telecommunications, sound recorded on tapes, video, television, and CD. Current developments in information technology, Internet, direct the history of educational technology on a new path. Online services in both degree and non education degree is basically to provide educational services to users (students) by using the Internet as a medium. This online service can consist of various stages of the process of educational programs such as: registration, test entry, payment, lectures, case assignments, case discussions, exams, assessments, discussions, announcements, etc.. Distance education can take advantage of Internet technologies to the maximum, can provide the effectiveness in terms of time, place and even improve the quality of education.

From the definition above, it appears that information technology is not limited to computer technology, but also including telecommunications technology. In other words that information technology is the result of convergence between computer technology and computer telekomunikasi.Teknologi technology is the technology associated with computer devices such as printers, fingerprint reader, CD-ROM, processor, disk, and others. Computer is a versatile machine that can be used for processing any data into useful information. This is possible because

Computers can be controlled by a program consisting of a series of instructions. The computer will act on instructions received from the program. In other words the computer will act as you wish the program makers.
Communication or telecommunication technology is long-distance communication technology. Including telecommunications technology that we use everyday is the telephone, television, radio, handy-talkies, mobile phones. It said earlier that information technology is the convergence between computer technology and telecommunication technology, the current telecommunications technology mentioned above has to be used to connect several computers. So that multiple computers can communicate with each other easily. This is the meaning of the word "convergence" over the then commonly known as Information Technology.

Information technology up to now developing very rapidly along with the discovery and development of science in the field of information and communication. It is able to create tools that support the development of information technology, ranging from communication systems to direct communication tools as well as two-way (interactive).

Basically, information technology equipment includes 3 main tools:
a) Computer Systems.
b) Network Communications System
c) Net Tools.

a. Computer Systems
Computer is an electronic device that is capable of receiving, processing, and storing data, and produce output in the form of text, images, symbols, numbers and sounds. In operation, forms, systems and functions, the computer consists of 2 (two) parts, namely hardware and software.

b. Hardware (Hardware)
To meet the need for trending information, humans continue to develop hardware to support it. To accommodate this, humans create a variety of equipment that support that desire. Computer hardware devices can be grouped into an input device (didntaranya: Keyboard, Scanner), the process (among them: CPU), output and storage devices (such as: Monitor, and Printer), and a data storage device (such as: CD-ROM, Compact Disk, Floppy Disks, Hard disk).

Computer Network Components

Computer Network is composed of several basic elements that include hardware and software components, namely:
1. Hardware Components
Personal Computer (PC), Network Interface Card (NIC), cable and network topology.
2. Component Software
Network Operating Systems, Network Adapter Drivers, Network Protocols.

A. Network devices

1. Repeater
Function to receive signals then pass back the received signal with the same power. With the repeter, the signal from one computer to another computer that is located far apart.

2. Hub
Its function is similar to a repeater hub consists of only a few ports, so that the hub is also called multiport repeter. Repeaters and hubs work at the physical layer so it does not have knowledge about the destination address. Although the hub has several ports, but still make use of the broadcast method of sending signals, so that if one port is busy then the other ports have to wait if you want to send a signal.

3. Bridge
Functioning like a repeater or hub, but more clever because it works on data link layer that has the ability to use the MAC address is in the process of sending frames to the destination address.

4. Switch
Functions the same as the bridge just switch consists of several switch ports so-called multiport bridge. With these capabilities if one of the busy port on the switch then the other ports can still function. But bridges and switches can not forward IP packets addressed other computers in different logical network.

B. Type, Type of Cable and Wiring

Each type of cable has the ability and their specifications are different, because it made the introduction of cable types. There are several types of cables that are widely known, namely twisted pair (STP UTPunshielded twisted pair and shielded twisted pair), coaxial cable and fiber optic.

1. Thin Ethernet (thinnet)

Thin Ethernet or thinnet have advantages in terms of the relatively cheaper cost compared to other types of cabling and the installation of components easier. The length of thin wire coaxial/RG-58 between 0.5 - 185 m and a maximum of 30 computers terhubung.Kabel coaxial type is widely used among amateur radio, particularly to transceivers that do not require a large power output.
To be used as network devices, coaxial cable of this type must comply with the IEEE 802.3 10Base2 standard, where the average diameter of about 5mm and usually black or other dark color. Each device (device) is connected with a BNC T-connector. The cable type is also known as thin Ethernet or thinnet. Coaxial cable of this type, such as the type RG-58 A / U or C / U, if implemented with Tconnector and terminator in a network, must follow the rules as follows:
• Each end of the cable are 50-ohm terminator.
• The maximum length of cable is 1,000 feet (185 meters) per segment.
• Each segment is a maximum of 30 devices connected to the network (devices)
• Network cards can simply use an onboard transceiver, do not need additional transceiver, except for the repeater.
• Maximum there are 3 segments connected to each other (populated segments).
• Each segment should be equipped with one ground.
• minimum length between the T-Connector is 1.5 feet (0.5 meters).
• Maximum cable length in one segment is 1.818 feet (555 meters).
• Each segment has a maximum of 30 devices connected.

2. Thick Ethernet (Thicknet)

With a thick Ethernet or thicknet, the number of computers that can be connected in a network will be more and the distance between the computers can be enlarged, but the cost of procurement is more expensive wiring and installation is relatively more difficult compared with thinnet. In Thicknet transceiver used to connect each computer to the network system and connectors used are type DIX connector. Maximum transceiver cable length 50 m, Thick Ethernet cable maximum length 500 m with a maximum 100 transceiver connected. Coaxial cable of this type is specified by IEEE 802.3 10Base5 standard, where the cable has an average diameter of 12mm, and is usually given a yellow color; cable type is commonly referred to as thick Ethernet or standard Ethernet, or simply abbreviated thicknet, or even referred to as yellow cuman cable.Kabel this Coaxial (RG-6) when used in the network have the specifications and rules as follows:
• Each end must be terminated with 50-ohm terminator (recommended using
terminator that has been assembled, instead of using a single 50-ohm resistors 1 watt, because the resistor has a fairly wide voltage dissipation).
• Maximum of three segments with the equipment connected (attached devices) or a populated segments.
• Every network card has an additional transmitter (external transceiver). Each segment is a maximum of 100 network devices, including repeaters in this case.
• Maximum cable length per segment is 1640 feet (or about 500 meters).
• Maximum distance between the segment is 4920 feet (or about 1500 meters).
• Each segment must be grounded.
• Rarely a maximum between the tap or pencabang from the main cable to the device (device) is 16 feet (5 meters). Rarely minimum inter-tap is 8 feet (2.5 meters).

Smoking Dangers

Cigarettes, in fact what the benefits of smoking? Why the increasing number of people who smoke, despite the many studies that say that smoking is very dangerous. In some article I read about smoking, secondhand smoke can cause air pollution that can disrupt our world who are dying of this. And smoking also can cause addiction. Many of us underestimate the dangers of smoking on our health and with certainty to convince the people that forbid we could stop at any one time. The reality of high school students 1-5 cigarettes per day, 70% are still smoking 5 years later.
A little note for active smokers:
The younger the person smokes, the greater the chances become heavy smokers as adults.
These are some small note about the dangers of smoking:

1. Cigarette smoke contains 40 cancer-causing chemicals, small amounts of toxins such as arsenic and cyanide, and more than 4,000 other chemicals.

2. When smoking is exploring a series of chemicals the body's vital organs such as brain, lungs, heart and blood vessels that can cause cancer and addiction.

3. Cigarette smoke also contains Carbon Monoxide which if inhaled can replace the function of oxygen in the blood cells. In addition, smoking also can numb the senses of taste and smell us so that we can no longer feel the delicious food as usual.

4. The key ingredients in cigarettes is nicotine. Nicotine can stimulate chemicals in the brain that can lead to addiction. Chemicals

Eiiits .... not only that the dangers of smoking, we are not smoking can also harm us. For people who do not smoke referred to as passive smoking. There are some dangers of passive smoking for smokers are:

1. Dangers of passive smoking for the smoker can also cause lung cancer and heart disease when we inhale cigarette tarsebut asp.

2. For passive smokers who suffer from respiratory diseases and heart disease, as well as parents, they are more susceptible to cigarette smoke.3. In addition, for children who become passive smokers are also at risk of ear infections, pneumonia, and bronchitis.

4. Finally, for mothers who smoked during and after pregnancy are at risk of 3x greater cause of the baby dying from sudden death syndrome.

Content Bioethanol

Bioethanol is a fuel that is now being developed in the world because the world's fossil fuel is running low.Now all countries are competing to produce bioethanol.Did you know that bioethanol is also has the exhaust gases.Some of these exhaust gases also have a positive impact and also negative.Here are some of the content of these Bioethanol:

1.CARBON monoxide (CO)
CO emissions Bioethanol-fueled cars E3; 35% ppm, E10; 1.38%, and E20; 0.76%.That means emissions of CO would fall in line with the addition of Bioethanol.The lack of waste that can trigger cancer compounds that can improve the quality of air freshness.Excess carbon dioxide that is inhaled can bind to hemoglobin in the blood that interfere with concentration.

2.NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)
Unfortunately, decreasing the amount of CO emissions are not accompanied by impairment of nitrogen oxides (NOx).Nitrogen oxide exhaust triggers global warming on higher Bioethanol reached at E3 1272 ppm, 1078 ppm on E10, and 1870 ppm on E20.

3.HIDROKARBON
By E20, Hydrocarbon emissions 1% lower than pure gasoline.The double impact of low exhaust hydrocarbons.Positively impact human health.Hydrocarbon trigger danger of intelligence disorders, reproductive health, and headache symptoms in humans.

Places Tourism in Indonesia

you want to tour? So the answer is Indonesia.everything you want is in Indonesia.Indonesia do have a lot of places we will discuss pariwisata.disini some tourist bagusuntuk diIndonesia that you visit: 1.Lake Toba in the Nort Sumatra Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length of 100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. In the middle of this lake there is a volcanic island called Samosir Island. Lake Toba has long become an important tourist destination in North Sumatra, Bukit Lawang addition and Nias, attract domestic and foreign tourists. 2.Tangkuban Perahu in the West Java Tangkuban Parahu or Tangkuban Perahu is one of the mountain located in the province of West Java, Indonesia. Approximately 20 km to the north of Bandung, with a lush carpet of pine trees and tea plantations in the surrounding mountains have Tangkuban Parahu high altitude 2084 meters. The shape of this mountain is the center of eruption Stratovulcano who moved from east to west. Rock type issued by the eruption of lava and most of the sulfur, a mineral which is issued sulfur sulfur, a mineral that was issued when the mountain is not active sulfur vapor. Boat Tangkuban area managed by the Corporation of Forestry. The average temperature is 17oC daily at noon and 2 oC at night. Tangkuban Perahu have Dipterokarp forest hill, forest Upper Dipterokarp, Montane forest, and forest or forest Ericaceous mountain. 3.Mount Ijen Mount Ijen is an active volcano located in Banyuwangi regency, East Java, Indonesia. This mountain has a height of 2443 m and has erupted four times (1796, 1817, 1913, and 1936). To climb this mountain may depart from Bondowoso or from Banyuwangi. Located 3 km from Paltuding and is one of the largest and most beautiful crater in Indonesia in the form elip with size 960 mx 600 m and a depth of about 200 m with a volume of 63 million m3 of water has a pH very acidic (pH 0-2) and water color vary each time, which is dominated by the color green or blue. To reach the lip of the crater is quite difficult because it must be reached by climbing a fairly steep slopes (40 ° - 60 °) with a distance of ± 27 meters, making it suitable for visitors who love a challenge. Ijen Crater Lake has a unique and distinctive charm, namely the occasional greenish water of the lake surface was covered by smoke billowing sulfur in the lake. In addition, the lake surface elevation is reached more than 2384 meters above sea level, when viewed from close range the lake is as if boiling, because of the large air bubbles from the bottom of the lake. This is possible because of volcanic activity beneath the lake. The bubbles are sometimes followed by a blast of steam and gases that endanger, so visitors should be careful when watching this lake up close. 4. Berastagi Berastagi is a major tourist destination in Tanah Karo is situated at an altitude of about 4594 feet above sea level and surrounded by mountain ranges, has the cool air of the beautiful expanse of farm fields, broad, green. Berastagi is a tourist destination that has a complete facility in Tanah Karo, such as hotels, restaurants, golf and others until the hotel can charge relatively affordable. Brastagi also known by the nickname of "Passion Fruit & Orange Sweet." From the city of "Passion Fruit & Orange Sweet" Brastagi, visitors will enjoy spectacular views over the mountains that are still active, namely Sibayak mountain hiking and mountain Sinabung.Untuk Sibayak takes approximately 3 hours drive and we can enjoy the beautiful scenery these mountains or take 3 to 4 hour trip in the woods to see the good in it's natural wealth of flora and fauna in the surrounding forest. In addition to fruits, also known as a producer Brastagi various kinds of vegetables, fruits and flowers. In the city Brastagi implemented several tourism events such as "Feast of Flowers & Fruit" and the cultural festival "Mejuah-juah Party" held every year. Tanah Karo is also a tradition that has been done that is hereditary "Work Year" held every year by the Karo people who lived in the area or who have migrated to come back to the township that has a family relationship to each visit and stay in touch.

telusuri

Mercury There Everywhere

Mercury-Based on reports compiled reductions are feasible Norden, organizational cooperation countries Normandy, in 2010, each year 1200-2900 merkurium ton steam released into the atmosphere due to human activities.

Mercury vapor can be started from anything. From an energy saving lamps in your room is broken, your television remote control batteries are exhausted, and anti-fungal paint the walls of your home.
Yes, mercury is closer than Minamata Bay in Japan is appalling the world in the 1950s. The case of mercury pollution by Chisso Corporation, a manufacturer of chemical fertilizer, carbide, petrochemicals, and plastics, in Minamata, Japan, the world has been aware of the risks of mercury waste to dispose of a direct nature.

At least 1629 people died because of toxicity of methyl mercury waste discharged into Minamata Bay who infiltrated the fishermen catch fish and shellfish which then turned into a body of people who eat fish and shellfish Minamata Bay.

Mercury accumulation eventually damage the human central nervous system, causing various symptoms of nerve damage known as "Minamata Disease". Content of mercury in the body of a mother "inherited" the baby fed, to produce children with disabilities and / or suffering from cerebral palsy. The total number of victims of mercury pollution by Chisso Corporation of more than 30,000 people.

Based on reports the United States Environmental Protection Agency cited the International Persistent Organic Pollutants Elimination Network, mercury and adversely affect brain development and nervous system. Mercury can reduce the ability of thinking, memory, attention, mastery of language, motor skills outcomes, and skills of visual space.

Repeating Minamata

However, mercury poisoning do not have to wait-made industrial waste into rivers and oceans. The official program of United National Environmental Programme, Desiree Navaez, disclose the fact how much mercury vapor is everywhere. Metals that melt at a temperature of -38.87 degrees Celsius it evaporates in normal room temperature ranges from 25 degrees celsius-38 degrees celsius.

Mercury is an element that can not be created, at the same time can not be destroyed. "Natural mercury content of the average 0.05 mg per kg in the earth's crust. In nature, mercury is released in the process of weathering crust of the earth or volcanic activity. However, human activity has increased the release of mercury in the atmosphere. Burning coal in steam power plants, cement production, oil and gas processing, all of which release mercury into the atmosphere, "said Navaez.

Mercury vapor as dangerous as methyl mercury are disposed of Chisso Corporation into Minamata Bay. "In the air, mercury vapor is persistent, not easily broken down by nature. Mercury vapor will carry over to where the wind blows, carried thousands of miles and across the continent, "said Navaez in Jakarta, Tuesday (3 / 8).

Mercury vapor in the atmosphere will last between 6 months and 18 months, then whole somewhere. When decays, mercury can enter the food chain, especially entering the food chain of marine and aquatic ecosystems, just as occurred in Minamata Bay.

"Mercury will accumulate in marine life that eventually consumed by humans. In the long run, the mercury in the body accumulates in the intestine, brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. Content of mercury in the body will result in skin rashes, irritability, sweating, difficulty sleeping, extreme pain, and irritation, "said Navaez.

Because long-lasting mercury vapor in Earth's atmosphere, experts say, mercury is a global pollutant. On June 7 to 11, delegates 121 countries have followed the early negotiations to restrict the use of mercury globally. Deputy Assistant Waste Management of B3 and B3 of Mines, Energy, and Oil and Gas Ministry of Environment (MoE) Ratio Ridho Sani said, Indonesia supports the use restriction plan merkurium through international agreements.

"However, the restriction should be noticed that the interests and capabilities of developing countries. Indonesia supportive, but asked for the application of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (business together, but with different responsibilities), "said the ratio ..

More vulnerable

Many facts show that mercury is dangerous. However, the metal thus play a role in civilization. His ability to bind other metals mercury makes an important actor in the process of coating metal (amalgam), bleaching, also finishing metal processing. The gold miners in gold mining hundreds of people use mercury to purify gold from worthless materials.

Director tells of Bali Fokus Yuyun Ismawati hair test test participants Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee shows Mercury restricted, the body of citizens of developing countries tend to precipitate more mercury than the body of citizens of developed countries. "From the hair test to 50 delegates Stockholm talks that have all been tested hair merkurium contain between 95 and 2600 micrograms per kilogram of body weight. Facts pulling, hair developing country delegates have merkurium content higher than developed country delegations hair, "said Yuyun.

The content of mercury in hair delegation developed countries ultragram average 669 per kilogram of body weight (ug / kg), while the mercury content in hair delegations of developing countries on average 1182 ug per kg.

Mercury is indeed close to our daily life. Mercury thermometers still sold in many pharmacies in Indonesia despite the existing electrical thermometer. Sensitivity to temperature and its nature as a good conductor of electricity makes an essential component of mercury and fire alarm sensors in the ceiling space and office space.

Most energy-efficient electric lights in Indonesia is a safe mercury lamp used for the jar is not broken. Superkuat batteries in the remote control or mobile phone you were using mercury.

Cat antifungal may contain mercury and mercury evaporate continuously in the home and pollute the earth. Mercury is used in amalgam fillings and even cavities in our mouths. Also to preserve the vaccine for children under five are now beginning to be abandoned despite the use of preservatives that are safer.

All this led to mercury vapor in developing countries, like Indonesia, potentially higher than developed countries.

"We never know what we should do if the energy saving lamps in our homes out of useful life. Batteries that can no longer be used should be disposed of where? There is no obligation for the manufacturer of energy saving lamps, for example, to withdraw the product bermerkuri out of useful life, "said Yuyun.

Ratio explained, Indonesia began to clean up to reduce mercury pollution in their own country. On 3 August, the Ministry of Environment held a Roundtable Discussion Mercury Management in Jakarta. The plan, reduced use of mercury will start from the health sector.

"The health sector is sensitive to the mercury issue. In fact, it is a strategic sector to initiate restrictions on mercury compared to other sectors, "said ratio.

Then, what about the mercury pollution in our homes? While only time we own that can prevent it while waiting for the government is prepared to take care of it.

Save wear-skimp battery, keep your energy saving lamps in your home so as not to rupture. Be careful choosing wall paint, dental fillings, also vaccine immunization.

Source : http://wargahijau.org/Simak

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